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<property name="context">{/doc/acs-core-docs/ {ACS Core Documentation}} {Appendix A. Install Red Hat
8/9}</property>
<property name="doc(title)">Appendix A. Install Red Hat
8/9</property>
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<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="install-redhat" id="install-redhat"></a>Appendix A. Install
Red Hat 8/9</h2></div></div></div><div class="authorblurb">
<p>by <a class="ulink" href="mailto:joel\@aufrecht.org" target="_top">Joel Aufrecht</a>
</p>
OpenACS docs are written by the named authors, and may be edited by
OpenACS documentation staff.</div><p>This section takes a blank PC and sets up some supporting
software. You should do this section as-is if you have a machine
you can reformat and you want to be sure that your installation
works and is secure; it should take about an hour. (In my
experience, it's almost always a net time savings of several
hours to install a new machine from scratch compared to installing
each of these packages installed independently.)</p><p>The installation guide assumes you have:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li class="listitem"><p>A PC with hard drive you can reinstall</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Red Hat 8.0 or 9.0 install discs</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A CD with the current <a class="ulink" href="http://www.redhat.com/apps/support/errata/" target="_top">Security
Patches</a> for your version of Red Hat.</p></li>
</ul></div><p>The installation guide assumes that you can do the following on
your platform:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li class="listitem"><p>Adding users, groups, setting passwords</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>(For Oracle) Starting an X server and running an X program
remotely</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Basic file management using <code class="computeroutput">cp, rm,
mv,</code> and <code class="computeroutput">cd</code>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Compiling a program using ./config and make.</p></li>
</ul></div><p>You can complete this install without the above knowledge, but
if anything goes wrong it may take extra time to understand and
correct the problem. <a class="link" href="install-resources" title="Resources">Some useful UNIX resources</a>.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>
<a name="install-first-step" id="install-first-step"></a>Unplug
the network cable from your computer. We don't want to connect
to the network until we're sure the computer is secure.
<a class="indexterm" name="idp105548898825160" id="idp105548898825160"></a> (Wherever you see the word secure, you
should always read it as, "secure enough for our purposes,
given the amount of work we're willing to exert and the
estimated risk and consequences.")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Insert Red Hat 8.0 or 9.0 Disk 1 into the CD-ROM and reboot the
computer</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>At the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">boot:</span></span></code>
prompt, press Enter for a graphical install. The text install is
fairly different, so if you need to do that instead proceed with
caution, because the guide won't match the steps.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Checking the media is probably a waste of time, so when it asks
press Tab and then Enter to skip it.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>After the graphical introduction page loads, click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Choose the language you want to use and then click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Select the keyboard layout you will use and Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Choose your mouse type and Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Red Hat has several templates for new computers. We'll start
with the "Server" template and then fine-tune it during
the rest of the install. Choose <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Server</span></span></code> and click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>.</p></li><li class="listitem">
<p>Reformat the hard drive. If you know what you're doing, do
this step on your own. Otherwise: we're going to let the
installer wipe out the everything on the main hard drive and then
arrange things to its liking.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a">
<li class="listitem"><p>Choose <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Automatically
Partition</span></span></code> and click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Re<u><span class="accel">v</span></u>iew (and modify if needed) the partitions
created</span></span></code> and click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>On the pop-up window asking "Are you sure you want to do
this?" click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">Y</span></u>es</span></span></code> IF YOU ARE WIPING YOUR
HARD DRIVE.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code> on the boot loader
screen</p></li>
</ol></div>
</li><li class="listitem">
<p>Configure Networking. <a class="indexterm" name="idp105548899306056" id="idp105548899306056"></a> Again, if you
know what you're doing, do this step yourself, being sure to
note the firewall holes. Otherwise, follow the instructions in this
step to set up a computer directly connected to the internet with a
dedicated IP address.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a">
<li class="listitem"><p>DHCP is a system by which a computer that joins a network (such
as on boot) can request a temporary IP address and other network
information. Assuming the machine has a dedicated IP address (if it
doesn't, it will be tricky to access the OpenACS service from
the outside world), we're going to set up that address. If you
don't know your netmask, 255.255.255.0 is usually a pretty safe
guess. Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">Edit</span></span></code>,
uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Configure using <u><span class="accel">D</span></u>HCP</span></span></code> and type in your IP
and netmask. Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">O</span></u>k</span></span></code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Type in your hostname, gateway, and DNS server(s). Then click
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>We're going to use the firewall template for high security,
meaning that we'll block almost all incoming traffic. Then
we'll add a few holes to the firewall for services which we
need and know are secure. Choose <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Hi<u><span class="accel">g</span></u>h</span></span></code> security level. Check
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">WWW</span></span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">SSH</span></span></code>, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Mail
(SMTP)</span></span></code>. In the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Other <u><span class="accel">p</span></u>orts</span></span></code> box, enter
<strong class="userinput"><code>443, 8000, 8443</code></strong>.
Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>. Port 443 is for https
(http over ssl), and 8000 and 8443 are http and https access to the
development server we'll be setting up.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</li><li class="listitem"><p>
<a class="indexterm" name="idp105548899287624" id="idp105548899287624"></a>Select any additional languages you want
the computer to support and then click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Choose your timezone and click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Type in a root password, twice.</p></li><li class="listitem">
<p>On the Package selection page, we're going to uncheck a lot
of packages that install software we don't need, and add
packages that have stuff we do need. You should install everything
we're installing here or the guide may not work for you; you
can install extra stuff, or ignore the instructions here to not
install stuff, with relative impunity - at worst, you'll
introduce a security risk that's still screened by the
firewall, or a resource hog. Just don't install a database or
web server, because that would conflict with the database and web
server we'll install later.</p><table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td>check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Editors</span></span></code>
(this installs emacs<a class="indexterm" name="idp105548899293896" id="idp105548899293896"></a>),</td></tr><tr><td>click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Details</span></span></code> next
to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Text-based Internet</span></span></code>, check
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">lynx</span></span></code>, and click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">O</span></u>K</span></span></code>;</td></tr><tr><td>check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Authoring and
Publishing</span></span></code> (<a class="indexterm" name="idp105548899299656" id="idp105548899299656"></a>this installs
docbook),</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Server Configuration
Tools</span></span></code>,</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Web
Server</span></span></code>,</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Windows File
Server</span></span></code>,</td></tr><tr><td>check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">SQL Database
Server</span></span></code> (this installs PostgreSQL),</td></tr><tr><td>check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Development
Tools</span></span></code> (this installs gmake and other build
tools),</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Administration
Tools</span></span></code>, and</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">Printing
Support</span></span></code>.</td></tr>
</table><p>At the bottom, check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">
<u><span class="accel">S</span></u>elect Individual Packages</span></span></code>
and click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</p>
</li><li class="listitem">
<p>We need to fine-tune the exact list of packages. The same rules
apply as in the last step - you can add more stuff, but you
shouldn't remove anything the guide adds. We're going to go
through all the packages in one big list, so select <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">
<u><span class="accel">F</span></u>lat
View</span></span></code> and wait. In a minute, a list of packages
will appear.</p><table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">apmd</span></span></code>
(monitors power, not very useful for servers),</td></tr><tr><td>check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">ImageMagick</span></span></code>
(required for the <a class="indexterm" name="idp105548899282632" id="idp105548899282632"></a>photo-album packages,</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck<code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">isdn4k-utils</span></span></code>
(unless you are using isdn, this installs a useless daemon),</td></tr><tr><td>check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">mutt</span></span></code> (a mail
program that reads Maildir),</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">nfs-utils</span></span></code>
(nfs is a major security risk),</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">pam-devel</span></span></code> (I
don't remember why, but we don't want this),</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">portmap</span></span></code>,</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">postfix</span></span></code>
(this is an MTA, but we're going to install qmail later),</td></tr><tr><td>check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">postgresql-devel</span></span></code>,</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">rsh</span></span></code> (rsh is
a security hole),</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">sendmail</span></span></code>
(sendmail is an insecure MTA; we're going to install qmail
instead later),</td></tr><tr><td>check <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">tcl</span></span></code> (we need
tcl), and</td></tr><tr><td>uncheck <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">xinetd</span></span></code>
(xinetd handles incoming tcp connections. We'll install a
different, more secure program, ucspi-tcp).</td></tr><tr><td>Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li><li class="listitem"><p>Red Hat isn't completely happy with the combination of
packages we've selected, and wants to satisfy some
dependencies. Don't let it. On the next screen, choose
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">I<u><span class="accel">g</span></u>nore Package
Dependencies</span></span></code> and click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code> to start the copying
of files.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Wait. Insert Disk 2 when asked.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Wait. Insert Disk 3 when asked.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If you know how to use it, create a boot disk. Since you can
also boot into recovery mode with the Install CDs, this is less
useful than it used to be, and we won't bother. Select
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">No,I <u><span class="accel">d</span></u>o not want to
create a boot disk</span></span></code> and click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guibutton"><span class="guibutton">
<u><span class="accel">N</span></u>ext</span></span></code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Click <code class="computeroutput"><span class="guilabel"><span class="guilabel">
<u><span class="accel">E</span></u>xit</span></span></code>, remove the CD, and
watch the computer reboot.</p></li><li class="listitem">
<p>After it finishes rebooting and shows the login prompt, log
in:</p><pre class="screen">
yourserver login: <strong class="userinput"><code>root</code></strong>
Password:
[root root]#
</pre>
</li><li class="listitem"><p>Install any security patches. For example, insert your CD with
patches, mount it with <code class="computeroutput">mount
/dev/cdrom</code>, then <code class="computeroutput">cd
/mnt/cdrom</code>, then <code class="computeroutput">rpm -UVH
*rpm</code>. Both Red Hat 8.0 and 9.0 have had both kernel and
openssl/openssh root exploits, so you should be upgrading all of
that. Since you are upgrading the kernel, reboot after this
step.</p></li><li class="listitem">
<p>Lock down SSH</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a">
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="indexterm" name="idp105548899247944" id="idp105548899247944"></a> SSH is the protocol we use to connect
securely to the computer (replacing telnet, which is insecure).
sshd is the daemon that listens for incoming ssh connections. As a
security precaution, we are now going to tell ssh not to allow
anyone to connect directly to this computer as root. Type this into
the shell:</p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>emacs /etc/ssh/sshd_config</code></strong></pre>
</li><li class="listitem"><p>Search for the word "root" by typing <strong class="userinput"><code>C-s</code></strong> (that's emacs-speak for
control-s) and then <strong class="userinput"><code>root</code></strong>.</p></li><li class="listitem">
<p>Make the following changes:</p><table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td>
<code class="computeroutput">#Protocol 2,1</code> to
<code class="computeroutput">Protocol 2</code> (this prevents any
connections via SSH 1, which is insecure)</td></tr><tr><td>
<code class="computeroutput">#PermitRootLogin yes</code> to
<code class="computeroutput">PermitRootLogin no</code> (this
prevents the root user from logging in remotely via ssh. If you do
this, be sure to create a remote access account, such as
"remadmin", which you can use to get ssh before using
"su" to become root)</td></tr><tr><td>
<code class="computeroutput">#PermitEmptyPasswords no</code> to
<code class="computeroutput">PermitEmptyPasswords no</code> (this
blocks passwordless accounts) and save and exit by typing
<strong class="userinput"><code>C-x C-s C-x
C-c</code></strong>
</td></tr>
</table>
</li><li class="listitem">
<p>Restart sshd so that the change takes effect.</p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>service sshd restart</code></strong></pre>
</li>
</ol></div>
</li><li class="listitem">
<p>Red Hat still installed a few services we don't need, and
which can be security holes. Use the service command to turn them
off, and then use chkconfig to automatically edit the System V init
directories to permanently (The System V init directories are the
ones in /etc/rc.d. They consist of a bunch of scripts for starting
and stopping programs, and directories of symlinks for each system
level indicating which services should be up and down at any given
service level. We'll use this system for PostgreSQL, but
we'll use daemontools to perform a similar function for
AOLserver. (The reason for these discrepancies is that, while
daemontools is better, it's a pain in the ass to deal with and
nobody's had any trouble leaving PostgreSQL the way it is.)</p><pre class="screen">
[root root]# <strong class="userinput"><code>service pcmcia stop</code></strong>
[root root]# <strong class="userinput"><code>service netfs stop</code></strong>
[root root]# <strong class="userinput"><code>chkconfig --del pcmcia</code></strong>
[root root]# <strong class="userinput"><code>chkconfig --del netfs</code></strong>
[root root]#
<span class="action"><span class="action">service pcmcia stop
service netfs stop
chkconfig --del pcmcia
chkconfig --del netfs</span></span>
</pre><p>If you installed PostgreSQL, do also <code class="computeroutput">service postgresql start</code> and <code class="computeroutput">chkconfig --add postgresql</code>.</p>
</li><li class="listitem"><p>Plug in the network cable.</p></li><li class="listitem">
<p>Verify that you have connectivity by going to another computer
and ssh'ing to <span class="replaceable"><span class="replaceable">yourserver</span></span>, logging in as remadmin, and
promoting yourself to root:</p><pre class="screen">
[joeuser\@someotherserver]$ <strong class="userinput"><code> ssh <span class="replaceable"><span class="replaceable">remadmin\@yourserver.test</span></span>
</code></strong>
The authenticity of host 'yourserver.test (1.2.3.4)' can't be established.
DSA key fingerprint is 10:b9:b6:10:79:46:14:c8:2d:65:ae:c1:61:4b:a5:a5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
Warning: Permanently added 'yourserver.test (1.2.3.4)' (DSA) to the list of known hosts.
Password:
Last login: Mon Mar 3 21:15:27 2003 from host-12-01.dsl-sea.seanet.com
[remadmin remadmin]$ <strong class="userinput"><code>su -</code></strong>
Password:
[root root]#
</pre>
</li><li class="listitem">
<p>If you didn't burn a CD of patches and use it, can still
download and install the necessary patches. Here's how to do it
for the kernel; you should also check for other critical
packages.</p><p>Upgrade the kernel to fix a security hole. The default Red Hat
8.0 system kernel (2.4.18-14, which you can check with
<strong class="userinput"><code>uname -a</code></strong>) has
several <a class="ulink" href="https://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2003-098.html" target="_top">security problems</a>. Download the new kernel, install it,
and reboot.</p><pre class="screen">
[root root]# <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /var/tmp</code></strong>
[root tmp]# <strong class="userinput"><code>wget http://updates.redhat.com/7.1/en/os/i686/kernel-2.4.18-27.7.x.i686.rpm</code></strong>
--20:39:00-- http://updates.redhat.com/7.1/en/os/i686/kernel-2.4.18-27.7.x.i686.rpm
=> `kernel-2.4.18-27.7.x.i686.rpm'
Resolving updates.redhat.com... done.
Connecting to updates.redhat.com[66.187.232.52]:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 12,736,430 [application/x-rpm]
100%[======================================>] 12,736,430 78.38K/s ETA 00:00
20:41:39 (78.38 KB/s) - `kernel-2.4.18-27.7.x.i686.rpm' saved [12736430/12736430]
root\@yourserver tmp]# <strong class="userinput"><code>rpm -Uvh kernel-2.4.18-27.7.x.i686.rpm</code></strong>
warning: kernel-2.4.18-27.7.x.i686.rpm: V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID db42a60e
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:kernel ########################################### [100%]
[root tmp]# <strong class="userinput"><code>reboot</code></strong>
Broadcast message from root (pts/0) (Sat May 3 20:46:39 2003):
The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root tmp]#
<span class="action"><span class="action">cd /var/tmp
wget http://updates.redhat.com/7.1/en/os/i686/kernel-2.4.18-27.7.x.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh kernel-2.4.18-27.7.x.i686.rpm
reboot</span></span>
</pre>
</li>
</ol></div>
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