zen is no performance bottleneck, it won't affect the speed of permissions at all.
Sorry, I wasn't very clear. I was benchmarking against Zen to see if there are any extra expensive queries in my custom Zen template. Zen is a little faster but that is to be expected as our custom template is a little more complex.
I added the indices but there was little effect and some queries were still taking 240ms+.
Dave mentioned increasing Shared_Buffers from 32MB - I tried this but Postgresql wouldn't restart. What sort of value should I be going for here? Could this be the issue?